How#

Create a tuple#

To create a tuple which is an ordered collection of objects that cannot be changed we use the () brackets.

Tip

collection = (value_1, value_2, value_3, …, value_n)

For example:

basket = ("Bread", "Biscuits", "Coffee")
basket

('Bread', 'Biscuits', 'Coffee')

How to access particular elements in a tuple#

If we need to we can access elements of this collection using [] brackets. The first element has index 0:

tuple[index]

For example:

basket[1]

'Biscuits'

Creating boolean variables#

A boolean variable has one of two values: True or False.

To create a boolean variable here are some of the things we can use:

  • Equality: value == other_value

  • Inequality value != other_value

  • Strictly less than value < other_value

  • Less than or equalvalue <= other_value

  • Inclusion value in iterable

This a subset of the operators available.

For example:

value = 5
other_value = 10

value == other_value

False

value != other_value

True

value <= other_value

True

value < value

False

value <= value

True

value in (1, 2, 4, 19)

False

It is also possible to combine booleans to create new booleans:

  • And: first_boolean and second_boolean

  • Or: first_boolean or second_boolean

  • No: not boolean

True and True

True

False and True

False

True or False

True

False or False

False

not True

False

not False

True

Creating an iterable with a given number of items#

The range tool gives a given number of integers.

Tip

range(number_of_integers)

For example:

tuple(range(10))

(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

Attention

range(N) gives the integers from 0 until \(N - 1\) (inclusive).

It is also possible to pass two values as inputs so that we have a different lower bound:

tuple(range(4, 10))

(4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

It is also possible to pass a third value as an step size:

tuple(range(4, 10, 3))

(4, 7)

Creating permutations of a given set of elements#

The python itertools library has a permutations tool that will generate all permutations of a given set.

Tip

itertools.permutations(iterable)

import itertools

basket = ("Bread", "Biscuits", "Coffee")
tuple(itertools.permutations(basket))

(('Bread', 'Biscuits', 'Coffee'),
 ('Bread', 'Coffee', 'Biscuits'),
 ('Biscuits', 'Bread', 'Coffee'),
 ('Biscuits', 'Coffee', 'Bread'),
 ('Coffee', 'Bread', 'Biscuits'),
 ('Coffee', 'Biscuits', 'Bread'))

It is possible to limit the size to only be permutations of size r:

tuple(itertools.permutations(basket, r=2))

(('Bread', 'Biscuits'),
 ('Bread', 'Coffee'),
 ('Biscuits', 'Bread'),
 ('Biscuits', 'Coffee'),
 ('Coffee', 'Bread'),
 ('Coffee', 'Biscuits'))

Creating combinations of a given set of elements#

The python itertools library has a combinations tool that will generate all combinations of size r of a given set:

Tip

itertools.combinations(iterable, r)

For example:

basket = ("Bread", "Biscuits", "Coffee")
tuple(itertools.combinations(basket, r=2))

(('Bread', 'Biscuits'), ('Bread', 'Coffee'), ('Biscuits', 'Coffee'))

A combination does not care about order so by default the combinations generated are sorted.

Adding items in a tuple#

We can compute the sum of items in a list using the sum tool:

sum((1, 2, 3))

6

We can also directly use the sum without specifically creating the list. This corresponds to the following mathematical notation:

\[ \sum_{s\in S}f(s) \]

and is done using the following:

sum(f(object) for object in old_list)

Here is an example of calculating the following sum:

\[ \sum_{n=0}^{10} n ^ 2 \]
sum(n ** 2 for n in range(11))

385

Finally we can compute conditionally sums by only summing over elements that meet a given condition using the following:

sum(f(object) for object in old_list if condition)

Here is an example of calculating the following sum:

\[\begin{split} \sum_{\begin{array}{c}n=0\\\text{ if }n\text{ odd}\end{array}}^{10} n ^ 2 \end{split}\]
sum(n ** 2 for n in range(11) if n % 2 == 1)

165

Directly computing \(n!\)#

The math library has a factorial tool.

Tip

math.factorial(N)

import math

math.factorial(5)

120

Directly computing \({n \choose i}\)#

The scipy.special library has a comb tool.

Tip

scipy.special.comb(n, i)

For example:

import scipy.special

scipy.special.comb(3, 2)

3.0

Directly computing \(^n P_i\)#

The scipy.special library has a perm tool.

Tip

scipy.special.perm(n, i)

scipy.special.perm(3, 2)

6.0